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Campbell Biology Eleventh Edition Ch 22 Review Questions With Answers

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Biological science in Focus - Chapter 22

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Biological science in Focus - Chapter 22 - Origin of Species

Biological science in Focus - Chapter 22 - Origin of Species

  1. 1. CAMPBELL Biology IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge 22 The Origin of Species
  2. two. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview: That "Mystery of Mysteries"  In the Galápagos Islands Darwin discovered plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth Animation: Macroevolution
  3. iii. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.1
  4. 4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Speciation is the procedure by which one species splits into two or more species  Speciation explains the features shared between organisms due to inheritance from their recent common antecedent
  5. 5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Speciation forms a conceptual bridge between microevolution and macroevolution  Microevolution consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time  Macroevolution refers to broad patterns of evolutionary alter above the species level
  6. 6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 22.i: The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation  Species is a Latin word meaning "kind" or "advent"  Biologists compare morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and DNA sequences when grouping organisms
  7. vii. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. The Biological Species Concept  The biological species concept states that a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations  Factor period betwixt populations holds the populations together genetically
  8. 8. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.2 (a) Similarity between different species (b) Diverseness within a species
  9. ix. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.2a (a) Similarity between unlike species
  10. x. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.2aa
  11. 11. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Effigy 22.2ab
  12. 12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.2b (b) Diversity within a species
  13. 13. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.2ba
  14. fourteen. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.2bb
  15. 15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.2bc
  16. 16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.2bd
  17. 17. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.2be
  18. 18. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Effigy 22.2bf
  19. 19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Reproductive Isolation  Reproductive isolation is the existence of biological barriers that impede 2 species from producing feasible, fertile offspring  Hybrids are the offspring of crosses between unlike species  Reproductive isolation can exist classified by whether barriers act before or after fertilization
  20. xx. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Video: Tortoise Video: Albatross Courtship Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courting Ritual Video: Giraffe Courtship
  21. 21. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 22.three Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown MATING ATTEMPT FERTILI- ZATION VIABLE, FERTILE OFF- SPRING (a) (c) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (l) (j) (m) (d) (b)
  22. 22. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.  Prezygotic barriers cake fertilization from occurring past  Impeding dissimilar species from attempting to mate  Preventing the successful completion of mating  Hindering fertilization if mating is successful
  23. 23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3a Prezygotic barriers Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation MATING Try (a) (c) (d) (b) (e)
  24. 24. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc.  Habitat isolation: Two species meet each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, fifty-fifty though not isolated by concrete barriers
  25. 25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.3aa (a)
  26. 26. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Effigy 22.3ab (b)
  27. 27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Temporal isolation: Species that breed at dissimilar times of the day, different seasons, or dissimilar years cannot mix their gametes
  28. 28. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.3ac (c)
  29. 29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.3ad (d)
  30. thirty. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Behavioral isolation: Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers
  31. 31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3ae (e)
  32. 32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3b Prezygotic barriers Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation FERTILIZATIONMATING Endeavor (f) (g)
  33. 33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Mechanical isolation: Morphological differences forestall successful mating
  34. 34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3bf (f)
  35. 35. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.  Gametic isolation: Sperm of one species may not exist able to fertilize eggs of another species
  36. 36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.3bg (g)
  37. 37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Postzygotic barriers prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult by  Reduced hybrid viability  Reduced hybrid fertility  Hybrid breakup
  38. 38. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Effigy 22.3c Postzygotic barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown FERTILIZATION Feasible, FERTILE OFFSPRING (h) (i) (fifty) (j) (k)
  39. 39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Reduced hybrid viability: Genes of the unlike parent species may collaborate and impair the hybrid's development or survival
  40. 40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3ch (h)
  41. 41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Reduced hybrid fertility: Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may exist sterile
  42. 42. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Effigy 22.3ci (i)
  43. 43. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 22.3cj (j)
  44. 44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3ck (k)
  45. 45. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc.  Hybrid breakdown: Some start-generation hybrids are fertile, simply when they mate with some other species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile
  46. 46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3cl (l)
  47. 47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.3d Prezygotic barriers Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation MATING Effort MATING ATTEMPT FERTILIZATION FERTILIZATION VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING Gametic isolation Mechanical isolation Postzygotic barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown
  48. 48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Limitations of the Biological Species Concept  The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms (including all prokaryotes)  The biological species concept emphasizes absence of cistron flow  All the same, factor menses can occur between distinct species  For example, grizzly bears and polar bears can mate to produce "grolar bears"
  49. 49. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.four Grizzly acquit (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Hybrid "grolar bear"
  50. fifty. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.4a Grizzly carry (U. arctos)
  51. 51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.4b Polar deport (U. maritimus)
  52. 52. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.4c Hybrid "grolar conduct"
  53. 53. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Definitions of Species  Other species concepts emphasize the unity within a species rather than the separateness of different species  The morphological species concept defines a species by structural features  Information technology applies to sexual and asexual species merely relies on subjective criteria
  54. 54. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.  The ecological species concept views a species in terms of its ecological niche  It applies to sexual and asexual species and emphasizes the role of disruptive selection  The phylogenetic species concept defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree  It applies to sexual and asexual species, but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species
  55. 55. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Concept 22.2: Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation  Speciation can occur in two ways  Allopatric speciation  Sympatric speciation
  56. 56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.5 Allopatric speciation: forms a new species while geographically isolated. (a) (b) Sympatric speciation: a subset forms a new species without geographic separation.
  57. 57. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Allopatric ("Other State") Speciation  In allopatric speciation, gene menstruum is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations  For example, the flightless cormorant of the Galápagos probable originated from a flying species on the mainland
  58. 58. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. The Process of Allopatric Speciation  The definition of a geographic bulwark depends on the ability of a population to disperse  For instance, a canyon may create a barrier for small rodents, but not birds, coyotes, or pollen
  59. 59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Separate populations may evolve independently through mutation, natural pick, and genetic drift  Reproductive isolation may arise as a consequence of genetic difference  For example, mosquitofish in the Commonwealth of the bahamas incorporate several isolated populations in different ponds
  60. 60. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Effigy 22.6 Under depression predation: body shape that favors long, steady swimming (b)Under loftier predation: body shape that enables rapid bursts of speed (a)
  61. 61. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.6a Nether loftier predation: trunk shape that enables rapid bursts of speed (a)
  62. 62. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 22.6b Under low predation: torso shape that favors long, steady swimming (b)
  63. 63. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bear witness of Allopatric Speciation  Xv pairs of sister species of snapping shrimp (Alpheus) are separated past the Isthmus of Panama  These species originated from 9 one thousand thousand to three million years agone, when the Isthmus of Panama formed and separated the Atlantic and Pacific waters
  64. 64. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.7 A. formosus A. nuttingi ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN A. panamensis A. millsae Isthmus of Panama
  65. 65. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.7a A. formosus
  66. 66. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.7b A. nuttingi
  67. 67. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.7c A. panamensis
  68. 68. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.7d A. millsae
  69. 69. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc.  Regions with many geographic barriers typically accept more species than do regions with fewer barriers  Reproductive isolation between populations generally increases every bit the geographic distance between them increases
  70. 70. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Barriers to reproduction are intrinsic; separation itself is not a biological barrier  Intrinsic reproductive barriers tin develop in experimentally isolated populations
  71. 71. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.8 Experiment Mating experiments later on 40 generations Some flies raised on starch medium Results Some flies raised on maltose medium Initial population of fruit flies (Drosophila pseudoobscura) Female person Female Starch Maltose Starch population ane Starch population two 22 8 twenty 9 18 fifteen 1512 Male Male person MaltoseStarch Starch population1 Starch population2 Number of matings in experimental grouping Number of matings in control group
  72. 72. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.8a Experiment Mating experiments subsequently 40 generations Some flies raised on starch medium Some flies raised on maltose medium Initial population of fruit flies (Drosophila pseudoobscura)
  73. 73. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.8b Results Female Female person Starch Maltose Starch population one Starch population ii 22 viii xx 9 xviii 15 1512 Male Male person MaltoseStarch Starch population1 Starch population2 Number of matings in experimental group Number of matings in command group
  74. 74. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sympatric ("Aforementioned State") Speciation  In sympatric speciation, speciation takes identify in populations that alive in the same geographic area  Sympatric speciation occurs when factor menses is reduced between groups that remain in contact through factors including  Polyploidy  Habitat differentiation  Sexual selection
  75. 75. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Polyploidy  Polyploidy is the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division  Polyploidy is much more common in plants than in animals  An autopolyploid is an individual with more two chromosome sets, derived from one species  The offspring of matings between autopolyploids and diploids have reduced fertility
  76. 76. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.UN01 Cell division fault Tetraploid cell 4n = 12 New species (4n) 2n = six 2n Gametes produced by tetraploids
  77. 77. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  An allopolyploid is a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species  Allopolyploids cannot interbreed with either parent species
  78. 78. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9-1 Species A 2n = 6 Species B 2n = iv Normal gamete n = 3 Unreduced gamete with iv chromosomes Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to northward
  79. 79. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.9-2 Species A 2n = 6 Species B 2n = 4 Normal gamete n = 3 Hybrid with 7 chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Meiotic error; chromosome number non reduced from 2n to n
  80. 80. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.9-3 Species A 2n = six Species B 2n = 4 Normal gamete due north = iii Normal gamete northward = 3 Hybrid with vii chromosomes Unreduced gamete with seven chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes Meiotic mistake; chromosome number non reduced from 2n to n
  81. 81. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.9-four Species A 2n = half dozen Species B 2n = 4 Normal gamete n = three Normal gamete n = 3 Hybrid with seven chromosomes Unreduced gamete with seven chromosomes Unreduced gamete with 4 chromosomes New species: viable fertile hybrid (allopolyploid) 2n = ten Meiotic error; chromosome number not reduced from 2n to north
  82. 82. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Many important crops (oats, cotton fiber, potatoes, tobacco, and wheat) are polyploids
  83. 83. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Habitat Differentiation  Sympatric speciation tin can also result from the appearance of new ecological niches  For example, the North American maggot wing tin can live on native hawthorn trees also as more recently introduced apple trees
  84. 84. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sexual Pick  Sexual option tin can drive sympatric speciation  Sexual selection for mates of different colors has likely contributed to speciation in cichlid fish in Lake Victoria
  85. 85. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 22.ten Normal light Monochromatic orangish light Experiment P. pundamilia P. nyererei
  86. 86. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10a Normal light P. pundamilia
  87. 87. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.10b Monochromatic orange lite P. pundamilia
  88. 88. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 22.10c P. nyererei Normal light
  89. 89. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.10d Monochromatic orange lite P. nyererei
  90. ninety. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A Review  In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation restricts cistron catamenia between populations  Reproductive isolation may then arise by natural selection, genetic drift, or sexual selection in the isolated populations  Even if contact is restored between populations, interbreeding is prevented by reproductive barriers
  91. 91. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolates a subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species  Sympatric speciation can result from polyploidy, natural pick, or sexual selection
  92. 92. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Concept 22.iii: Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation  A hybrid zone is a region in which members of unlike species mate and produce hybrids  Hybrids are the result of mating between species with incomplete reproductive barriers
  93. 93. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Patterns Within Hybrid Zones  A hybrid zone can occur in a single band where adjacent species meet  For example, two species of toad in the genus Bombina interbreed in a long and narrow hybrid zone
  94. 94. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Figure 22.11 Fire-bellied toad range Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina Yellowish-bellied toad range Hybrid zone Hybrid zone Fire-bellied toad range Xanthous-bellied toad range Distance from hybrid zone center (km) 2010010203040 0.99 0.9 0.one 0.01 Frequencyof B.variegata-specificallele Yellowish-bellied toad, Bombina variegata 0.v
  95. 95. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.11a Burn-bellied toad range Yellow-bellied toad range Hybrid zone
  96. 96. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.11b Hybrid zone Fire-bellied toad range Yellow-bellied toad range Distance from hybrid zone heart (km) 2010010203040 0.99 0.nine 0.1 0.01 Frequencyof B.variegata-specificallele 0.5
  97. 97. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Figure 22.11c Yellowish-bellied toad, Bombina variegata
  98. 98. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.11d Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina
  99. 99. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hybrids often have reduced fettle compared with parent species  The distribution of hybrid zones tin be more complex if parent species are establish in patches within the same region
  100. 100. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hybrid Zones over Time  When closely related species meet in a hybrid zone, there are three possible outcomes  Reinforcement  Fusion  Stability
  101. 101. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.12-one Barrier to gene flow Gene menstruation Population
  102. 102. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effigy 22.12-2 Isolated population diverges. Barrier to factor catamenia Factor flow Population
  103. 103. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.12-3 Isolated population diverges. Hybrid zone Hybrid individual Barrier to factor menstruum Cistron menses Population
  104. 104. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.12-4 Isolated population diverges. Possible outcomes: Reinforcement Fusion Stability Hybrid zone Hybrid individual Bulwark to cistron flow Gene menstruum Population
  105. 105. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc.  Reinforcement occurs when hybrids are less fit than the parent species  Natural pick strengthens (reinforces) reproductive barriers, and, over fourth dimension, the charge per unit of hybridization decreases  Where reinforcement occurs, reproductive barriers should be stronger for sympatric than for allopatric species
  106. 106. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Fusion of the parent species into a single species may occur if hybrids are every bit fit equally parents, allowing substantial gene menstruum between species  For example, researchers think that pollution in Lake Victoria has reduced the ability of female cichlids to distinguish males of different species  This might be causing the fusion of many species
  107. 107. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.13 Pundamilia nyererei Pundamilia pundamilia Pundamilia "turbid h2o," hybrid offspring from a location with turbid water
  108. 108. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.13a Pundamilia nyererei
  109. 109. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.13b Pundamilia pundamilia
  110. 110. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.13c Pundamilia "turbid water," hybrid offspring from a location with turbid water
  111. 111. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Stability of the hybrid zone may be achieved if extensive cistron flow from outside the hybrid zone tin can overwhelm choice for increased reproductive isolation inside the hybrid zone  In a stable hybrid zone, hybrids continue to exist produced over time
  112. 112. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Concept 22.4: Speciation can occur chop-chop or slowly and can event from changes in few or many genes  Many questions remain concerning how long it takes for new species to form, or how many genes need to differ between species
  113. 113. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Time Course of Speciation  Wide patterns in speciation can be studied using the fossil record, morphological data, or molecular data
  114. 114. © 2014 Pearson Didactics, Inc. Patterns in the Fossil Record  The fossil record includes examples of species that appear suddenly, persist essentially unchanged for some time, and then plainly disappear  These periods of credible stasis punctuated by sudden change are called punctuated equilibria  The punctuated equilibrium model contrasts with a model of gradual change in a species' existence
  115. 115. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Effigy 22.fourteen (a) Punctuated model (b) Gradual model Fourth dimension
  116. 116. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Speciation Rates  The punctuated pattern in the fossil tape and evidence from lab studies suggest that speciation can be rapid  For instance, the sunflower Helianthus anomalus originated from the hybridization of two other sunflower species and quickly diverged into a new species
  117. 117. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.fifteen A hybrid sunflower species
  118. 118. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Figure 22.16 H. annuus gamete H. petiolarus gamete F1 experimental hybrid (iv of the 2n = 34 chromosomes are shown) H. anomalus H. anomalus Experimental hybrid Experimental hybrid H. annuus-specific marker H. petiolarus-specific marking Chromosome 1 Results Experiment Chromosome 2
  119. 119. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc.  The interval betwixt speciation events tin range from 4,000 years (some cichlids) to 40 million years (some beetles), with an boilerplate of half-dozen.5 million years
  120. 120. © 2014 Pearson Instruction, Inc. Studying the Genetics of Speciation  A fundamental question of evolutionary biology persists: How many genes modify when a new species forms?  Depending on the species in question, speciation might require the change of only a single allele or many alleles  For instance, in Japanese Euhadra snails, the direction of vanquish spiral affects mating and is controlled by a single cistron
  121. 121. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc.  In monkey flowers (Mimulus), two loci affect flower colour, which influences pollinator preference  Pollination that is dominated by either hummingbirds or bees can lead to reproductive isolation of the flowers  In other species, speciation can be influenced past larger numbers of genes and gene interactions
  122. 122. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.17 (a) Mimulus lewisii M. lewisii with M. cardinalis allele (b) (c) Mimulus cardinalis M. cardinalis with Thou. lewisii allele (d)
  123. 123. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. Figure 22.17a (a) Mimulus lewisii
  124. 124. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.17b Thousand. lewisii with M. cardinalis allele (b)
  125. 125. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.17c (c) Mimulus cardinalis
  126. 126. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.17d Thou. cardinalis with M. lewisii allele (d)
  127. 127. © 2014 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. From Speciation to Macroevolution  Macroevolution is the cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events
  128. 128. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.UN02
  129. 129. © 2014 Pearson Teaching, Inc. Figure 22.UN03 Original population Allopatric speciation Sympatric speciation
  130. 130. © 2014 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. Figure 22.UN04 Bequeathed species: Triticum monococcum (2n = 14) Product: Wild Triticum (2n = 14) Wild T. tauschii (2n = fourteen) T. aestivum (bread wheat) (2n = 42) AA BB DD AA BB DD

  • Figure 22.i How did this flightless bird come to live on the isolated Galápagos Islands?
  • Effigy 22.ii The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity
  • Figure 22.2a The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (part 1: similarity)
  • Figure 22.2aa The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on concrete similarity (role 1a: Eastern meadowlark)
  • Figure 22.2ab The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (office 1b: Western meadowlark)
  • Figure 22.2b The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on concrete similarity (office two: diversity)
  • Figure 22.2ba The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on concrete similarity (part 2a)
  • Effigy 22.2bb The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (function 2b)
  • Figure 22.2bc The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (function 2c)
  • Figure 22.2bd The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (part second)
  • Figure 22.2be The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (office 2e)
  • Figure 22.2bf The biological species concept is based on the potential to interbreed rather than on physical similarity (office 2f)
  • Figure 22.3 Exploring reproductive barriers
  • Figure 22.3a Exploring reproductive barriers (part i: prezygotic barriers)
  • Figure 22.3aa Exploring reproductive barriers (part 1a: habitat isolation, h2o)
  • Figure 22.3ab Exploring reproductive barriers (part 1b: habitat isolation, terrestrial)
  • Effigy 22.2ac Exploring reproductive barriers (part 1c: temporal isolation, wintertime)
  • Figure 22.2ad Exploring reproductive barriers (part 1d: temporal isolation, summer)
  • Effigy 22.ae Exploring reproductive barriers (part 1e: behavioral isolation)
  • Figure 22.3b Exploring reproductive barriers (part 2: prezygotic barriers)
  • Figure 22.3bf Exploring reproductive barriers (part 2f: mechanical isolation)
  • Effigy 22.3bg Exploring reproductive barriers (role 2g: gametic isolation)
  • Figure 22.3c Exploring reproductive barriers (part three: postzygotic barriers)
  • Figure 22.3ch Exploring reproductive barriers (part 3h: reduced hybrid viability)
  • Figure 22.3ci Exploring reproductive barriers (role 3i: reduced hybrid fertility)
  • Effigy 22.3cj Exploring reproductive barriers (part 3j: reduced hybrid fertility)
  • Effigy 22.3ck Exploring reproductive barriers (part 3k: reduced hybrid fertility)
  • Figure 22.3cl Exploring reproductive barriers (office 3l: hybrid breakdown)
  • Figure 22.3d Exploring reproductive barriers (part four: art summary)
  • Figure 22.4 Hybridization between two species of bears in the genus Ursus
  • Figure 22.4a Hybridization between two species of bears in the genus Ursus (part 1: grizzly)
  • Figure 22.4b Hybridization between two species of bears in the genus Ursus (office 2: polar)
  • Figure 22.4c Hybridization betwixt two species of bears in the genus Ursus (function 3: "grolar")
  • Effigy 22.five Two main modes of speciation
  • Figure 22.6 Reproductive isolation as a by-product of choice
  • Effigy 22.6a Reproductive isolation every bit a by-product of selection (part i: nether high predation)
  • Figure 22.6b Reproductive isolation equally a past-product of selection (part ii: nether low predation)
  • Effigy 22.seven Allopatric speciation in snapping shrimp (Alpheus)
  • Figure 22.7a Allopatric speciation in snapping shrimp (Alpheus) (part 1a: A. formosus)
  • Figure 22.7b Allopatric speciation in snapping shrimp (Alpheus) (role 1b: A. nuttingi)
  • Figure 22.7c Allopatric speciation in snapping shrimp (Alpheus) (part 1c: A. panamensis)
  • Effigy 22.7d Allopatric speciation in snapping shrimp (Alpheus) (part 1d: A. millsae)
  • Figure 22.8 Inquiry: Tin divergence of allopatric populations lead to reproductive isolation?
  • Figure 22.8a Inquiry: Can divergence of allopatric populations lead to reproductive isolation? (part 1: experiment)
  • Effigy 22.8b Enquiry: Tin can divergence of allopatric populations atomic number 82 to reproductive isolation? (role 2: results)
  • Effigy 22.UN01 In-text figure, autopolyploid, p. 425
  • Figure 22.9-1 1 mechanism for allopolyploid speciation in plants (step 1)
  • Effigy 22.nine-2 One mechanism for allopolyploid speciation in plants (step 2)
  • Figure 22.9-3 One machinery for allopolyploid speciation in plants (footstep 3)
  • Figure 22.9-4 One machinery for allopolyploid speciation in plants (step four)
  • Figure 22.ten Inquiry: Does sexual selection in cichlids issue in reproductive isolation?
  • Effigy 22.10a Enquiry: Does sexual choice in cichlids outcome in reproductive isolation? (part one: P. pundamilia, normal)
  • Figure 22.10b Research: Does sexual pick in cichlids result in reproductive isolation? (part 2: P. pundamilia, monochromatic)
  • Figure 22.10c Inquiry: Does sexual selection in cichlids outcome in reproductive isolation? (part three: P. nyererei, normal)
  • Figure 22.10d Inquiry: Does sexual selection in cichlids result in reproductive isolation? (role 4: P. nyererei, monochromatic)
  • Figure 22.11 A narrow hybrid zone for Bombina toads in Europe
  • Figure 22.11a A narrow hybrid zone for Bombina toads in Europe (part i: map)
  • Figure 22.11b A narrow hybrid zone for Bombina toads in Europe (part 2: graph)
  • Effigy 22.11c A narrow hybrid zone for Bombina toads in Europe (function 3: B. variegata)
  • Figure 22.11d A narrow hybrid zone for Bombina toads in Europe (part 4: B. bombina)
  • Figure 22.12-1 Formation of a hybrid zone and possible outcomes for hybrids over fourth dimension (step 1)
  • Effigy 22.12-two Formation of a hybrid zone and possible outcomes for hybrids over time (step 2)
  • Effigy 22.12-3 Formation of a hybrid zone and possible outcomes for hybrids over time (step 3)
  • Figure 22.12-4 Formation of a hybrid zone and possible outcomes for hybrids over time (step 4)
  • Effigy 22.thirteen Fusion: the breakdown of reproductive barriers
  • Figure 22.13a Fusion: the breakdown of reproductive barriers (part 1: P. nyererei)
  • Figure 22.13b Fusion: the breakup of reproductive barriers (part ii: P. pundamilia)
  • Effigy 22.13c Fusion: the breakdown of reproductive barriers (part 3: P. "turbid water")
  • Effigy 22.14 2 models for the tempo of speciation, based on patterns observed in the fossil record
  • Figure 22.15 A hybrid sunflower species and its dry sand dune habitat
  • Figure 22.16 Inquiry: How does hybridization lead to speciation in sunflowers?
  • Figure 22.17 A locus that influences pollinator choice
  • Figure 22.17a A locus that influences pollinator choice (part 1: K. lewisii)
  • Figure 22.17b A locus that influences pollinator choice (part 2: M. cardinalis allele)
  • Effigy 22.17c A locus that influences pollinator choice (office 3: K. cardinalis)
  • Figure 22.17d A locus that influences pollinator selection (part 4: M. lewisii allele)
  • Effigy 22.UN02 Skills practise: identifying contained and dependent variables, making a besprinkle plot, and interpreting data
  • Figure 22.UN03 Summary of key concepts: speciation
  • Figure 22.UN04 Test your understanding, question 7 (polyploidy)

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    Source: https://www.slideshare.net/mpattani/biology-in-focus-chapter-22

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